Heat olive oil: In a large skillet over medium heat, add the olive oil and sauté the sweet potato cubes for 8-10 minutes.
Steam the sweet potatoes: Add 8 tablespoons of water to the skillet, cover with a lid, and simmer until the sweet potatoes are tender, about 4 minutes.
Add remaining ingredients: Stir in the black beans, chiles, cooked rice, spices, salsa, cilantro, lime juice, salt, and black pepper. Mix everything thoroughly.
Simmer: Let the mixture simmer for 5 minutes to allow the flavors to meld together.
Melt the cheese: Remove the skillet from heat, top the dish with cheese, cover, and let the cheese melt before serving.